Unit 19: Scriptwriting- Sonya

 https://www.myfirstjobinfilm.co.uk/resources/careers-guide/detail?page_id=10

https://careertrend.com/being-music-producer-2701.html

Question	Answer	Source
Requirements of a script
What key information must a script include?	There are many script elements that must be included in script writing which includes: scene heading, scene descriptions, character names, dialogue, stage directions, transitions.	www.screenwriting.info
Name two things that a scriptwriter needs to consider when producing a script.	One thing a scriptwriter needs to consider when producing a script is the budget as a film production needs to know props and locations to how much the cost will be. Also, they need to consider is they need to always complete assignments on time and will be faced with time pressure to reach the deadline, moods of the characters, trends in the entertainment industry, pace, and believable dialogue.	Careertrend.com
What additional information does a shooting script include?	A shooting script needs to include: scene numbers, camera angles/directions, detailed special effects, detailed stunt work/ action sequences, specific information on sets, costumes, lighting, special notations regarding acting, lighting and camera shots.	www.careersinfilm.com
Key skills/knowledge
What are two key skills that a scriptwriter needs?	A scriptwriter needs a numerous amount of skills some including: consistency, knowledge, flexibility, persistence, creativity and passion for writing, understanding of the acting process, talent of networking, abide by regulations.	Nationalcareers.service.gov.uk
Name two things that a scriptwriter needs to know.	The scriptwriter needs to know about the film industry range from the budget and how the narrative should be presented.	www.careersinfilm.com
What qualifications do scriptwriters need?	A scriptwriter's need to be able to work under pressure and that a degree is not always necessary. However, some scriptwriter's may have a bachelor's degree through skills or enrolling at a screenwriting program certificate. Some may also have a degree in English.	www.careersinfilm.com
The Scriptwriting process
What is the is the first stage in scriptwriting? What is the final stage?	The first stages in scriptwriting is to do research on when the film/ show was made.
Name two people a scriptwriter might work with.	script editors, development producers, story producers, casting directors.
How many drafts of a screenplay will a scriptwriter usually produce?	A scriptwriter will have 2 drafts and the 3rd one would usually be a polish.
The industry context
When/Why is it advisable to have an agent?	Majority of scriptwriters are freelancers who sell their work on spec and is good to have an agent as employers will want to work with professionals.
Who’s responsible for setting and regulating minimum fees for scriptwriters in the UK?	The writer's guild of Great Britain.
How much could a scriptwriter expect to earn for work on a £1million budget film?	For one film a minimum of £25.650 with a film with a budget between £750k and £2 million.

 

Use these websites to find out the answers to the questions below.

 

https://www.gov.uk/using-somebody-elses-intellectual-property/copyright

https://www.taylorhampton.co.uk/legal-services/defamation/?gclid=CjwKCAjw8MD7BRArEiwAGZsrBRPZnamVkFXrZ0Rd1ZiYbwZMfn6g2-XNJfY--Tv_5-mwpNj5WGhZhxoCoPUQAvD_BwE

https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-codes/broadcast-code/section-one-protecting-under-eighteens

 

 

What is meant by plagiarism?	Plagiarism is the practise of taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.
What is libel? Why is Libel not slander relevant to scriptwriters?	Libel is the act of publishing a statement about an individual either written, or any social media platform that is untrue or states the individual to have a bad reputation. This is not relevant to scriptwriters as there job is mainly fictional writing and not about real life individuals.
What is copyright?	Copyright Is legal rights that protect work of authorship. It protects the publication or sale of the rights to a literary, music or any prints.
How do you obtain copyright in the uk?	In the UK you will ensure that your work is properly marked and that is states that the work is protected under law. Also, registering your work will help protect an individuals work from copyright.
What does copyright stop people from doing?	Copyright prevents people from copying your work, distributing copies of it.
What happened to the makers of the film Coming to America?	George Folsey and Robert Wachs produced “Coming to America”.
What happened to the makers of the film The Wolf of Wall street?	The wolf on wall street’s Jordan Belfort sues film’s producers $300m for fraud and breach of contract.

What time is the watershed?	The watershed is at 9pm UK time which is the time when it is considered to be unsuitable for children  to view a channel.
According to offcom’s guidance on protecting the under 18s name 3 things that should not be shown or included in programmes pre watershed.	1)    Violence and dangerous behaviour. 2)    Drugs, smoking, solvents and alcohol 3)    Coverage of sexual and other offences.
How do these legal and ethical considerations apply to a scriptwriter?   e.g. what are the consequences for you if your script is unsuitable for children?	Scriptwriters need to do their research before writing their script for example they can not pitch a screenplay that contains sex and violence for a Disney film or a film that is rated 18 and under, and the ratings are very important to take on board. The consequences could include of: re-writing the script, not getting paid the full payment, and a bad review on yourself as other producers will see that review and you will not get picked which they will be comparing you ton other scriptwriters which will leave you missing out on a job opportunity.

Capitalization Rules-

• Always capitalize a character's name the first time they appear, and always capitalize transitions.
• You can also capitalize important props, sounds and camera movements.

1. A Slug line- text which tells the reader where the action is happening and at what time. 

- You format it by using INT to indicate an interior (inside) or EXT for exterior (outside). And the whole thing should be in CAPS.  

2. An Action line- goes below the slug line, present tense, visually descriptive, tells the reader what they will see and hear in the finished film.

3. Dialogue- in the centre of the page, capitalise ID with dialogue underneath, character ID does not need to be the entire character name could be first name, last or an alias, stay consistent to what you decide to cll the character- for example, "Tom Holland" and "Spiderman". The exception is if a character is in disguise. 

            

Spiderman (disguised)                                      Tom holland (who plays Spiderman un-disguised)

4. Extensions- goes next to a characters name in parentheses ( ) which tells us how the dialogue is heard by the audience.

• VOICE OVER (V.O.), character speaking over the action but is not heard by any other character in the scene, narration hears characters internal monologue. 
• OFF SCREEN (O.S.), when a character is speaking and is heard by other characters, but cant be seen by the audience or other characters, (O.S.) will be written next to the characters name, "Off camera" or (O.C.) can also be used.

- someone making an announcement over a loud speak.

- A character making a dramatic surprise entrance. 

- A disembodied ghostly voice. 

Into Devices-

• Characters speaking into their phones or radios, rather than to each other in person.
• This technique is most useful when characters are speaking to someone on the phone and someone right next to them, or when using a local news station for expository information.

Pre-Lap-

• Dialogue from the next scene that starts before the current scene has ended. You will write "pre-lap" in the parentheses next to the character's name.

5. Parentheticals- directors to the actor, detail how the line should be preformed, for example- emotional, drunk, sleepy, happy, as loud as possible, painfully.

Paratheticals can also include actions for the actors to perform while speaking, which is common in television, for example- drawing his weapon, falling to her knees, sneezing, coughing, walking away, staring towards.

6. Transitions- indicate how an editor should transition between two scenes, seen on the far right of the page (right justified) and placed between two scenes. 

 

You only use transitions when you want it to stand out and when done so this should be capitalized.

CUT TO- any transition not marked is assumed to be a cut. This particular transition indicates a more abrupt cut than normal.

SMASH TO- really really abrupt cut, comes in mid-sentence. 

DISSOLVE TO- when one scene "dissolves" into another scene, almost transforming into that scene, used to indicate that time has passed.

MATCH CUT TO- tricky form of edit, where you cut the film so the last shot in the previous scene (say, a hand reaching for a knife) matches the first shot in the new scene (a hand reaching for an apple), great transition to use to build foreshadowing or tension in your story, calling attention to specific and objects that will be critical further on.

INTERCUT- bounce back and forth between two different scenes, usually used for phone calls (not always), if this technique is used must be listed/stated as it can have a huge affect on the overall production schedule. 

7. Subheaders- like mini-sluglines that indicates another place or time within a scene, formatted like sluglines- left-justified and capitalized. 

A Subheader may be used to indicate a change in rooms or to indicate a detail of a certain location. It could also use a Subheader to show a jump in time, if you want to show that time has passed you could write under the subheader LATER.

8. Shots- formatted like a caps-locked action line, shots direct our attention to a specific visual or way of seeing something, typically used by writer-directors but also when the writer feels that a visual is key to the entire scene and wants to be sure the director knows it. 

9. Montage- "Begin Montage" as if it were a subheader, list out the scenes as you normally would, close of your montage with "End Montage" again as if it were a subheader. 

There will need to be a slugline for each individual shot or scene within a montage, because each location means a different setup and a whole separate set of production concerns.

11. Chyrons- text that appears over the screen which is usually used to show the time and place of the scene to the audience, used a lot in spy or military movies.

Action line will start with the word "CHYRON" (in all caps) followed by the text of the chyron, you can also use the word "TITLE" instead of "CHYRON". 

12. End of act- special kind of formatting that is only important if your writing for television. When you reach the end of an act (or teaser) where the show would cut to a commercial break, note it by putting "End of act one", (or two or three) centered and underlined into your script. Then you will need to skip a page and putn "Act One" (or Act Two or Three) at the very top- again, centered and underlined. 

	Name of film	Avengers: Endgame
What’s the hook?	The opening scene of Endgame has an exciting plot as we first see the consequences from the following film “infinity war” where we witness the results of Thanos wiping out half of the population seeing Hawkeye losing his entire family unaware of the events that has occurred.
What is the inciting incident in the film?	In the film it cuts to FIVE YEARS LATER where Ant Man (Scott Lang) escapes from a time travel incident that went wrong and escapes with a help from a rat, where he is shortly united with his daughter Cassie who thought we was vanished by Thanos when he wiped half of the population out.
Is there anything about which we are asked to suspend our disbelief?	If a viewer was watching this film for the first time there is superpowers and mythological planets which could make it seem non-realistic.
What’s the first plot point?	The first plot point in the film is where the avengers (Iron man, Thor, Captin America, war machine etc.) come together to find Thanos on an empty island by himself to confront him about the stones. Which then Thor gradually gets angry and slices off Thanos’s head and kills him.
What’s the sub plot?	In this film there is not a “sub plot” as there is one main storyline that is all relevant in the film.
What’s plot point two?	The second plot of the film is where the avengers have to time travel back in time to “get the stones” the bring back the population that has been wiped away. This is also the part in the film where we see links to the films before which we see characters from their individual movies.
What’s the final confrontation in the film?	The final confrontation in Endgame is when Thanos and his troops come back to collect the stones from the avengers.
What happens in the denouement?	The finale of the film is when iron man uses the stones to kill Thanos and his troops and gives his life to save the universe. Also, Captin America goes back in time to return the stones to their correct time line and stays with “peggy” a lives a full life with his love intrest/wife.
How is the sub plot resolved?	There is no sub plot in this film.
Describe the protagonist’s character arc.	Iron man is one of the main characters in Endgame, he would be described as: courage, loyalty, brave, strong, sentimental. Iron man goes form being calm and non violent to throughout the film coming into fighting mode with the other avengers.
What key themes are there in the film and what lesson do they highlight?	One of the key themes in Endgame is violence and mythical. A lesson that they try and portray is to always show courage and loyalty to the people you care about around you.

Avengers: Endgame      https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFsBpL_Uy6Y

Goal- Avengers specifically iron man's goal is to destroy Thanos and his troops and to save the universe.

Obstacle- Thanos is much bigger and has more strength then Iron man and there is a lot more troops. 

Dilemma- Iron man is too small and has not got enough strength to snap his fingers with the stones and if he choses to and saves the world he will put his own life at risk.  

Decisions- Iron man has to make a decision to save the universe and leave his family and friends behind which his life will be over, and if he does not the universe will be destroyed and Thanos will be in charge forever. 

Frozen 2                https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8oMhtSylOg

Goal- Anna has signal from Elsa who is stuck down in the frozen cave to destroy the wall (dam) that their grandparents built (to stop the village from being destroyed) so the people will not be stuck in a curse and will be able to get out of the forest. 

Obstacle- The guards/ soldiers who helped their grandparents build the wall (Dam) promised to protect it at all costs but docent know the truth about the curse and that the grandparents started the violence. Also, there are big stonned creatures that protect the grounds who are much bigger than Anna and the guards.

Dilemma- Anna is worried that she will destroy the village if she makes the wall fall down and does not know whether to destroy it.

Decision- Anna needs to decide whether to take the single that Elsa (her sister) has given her as Elsa can not help her or to go with what she thinks is right to help these people come out of the cursed forest. 

Toy story 4            https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fr-cgi42GV0

Goal- woody is trying to get forty back to bonnie and forky is her favourite toy and has gone missing.

Obstacle- There is a character called Gabby Gabby and she has not got a voice box and will give forty back to woody if he gives his voice box to her.

Dilemma- If woody gives his voice box to bonnie his use of a toy will not be to his full potential and his sound will not work.

Decision- Woody has to decide wether to give his voice box to Gabby Gabby to get forky back to Bonnie so she will not be sad anymore. 

Professional screenwriters have agents and are self-employed, the payment for their work is almost always modular. A screenwriter can receive payment from an option on a script, but may then have to wait 18 months for further payment (either an extension on the option or moving into production).

week 9: unit 19 scriptwriting 

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1mnvpfsKsD_5XEZfBXXw4Qtmd2DuBL2UtklJ0nyBCgb4/edit?usp=sharing

log lines- 

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AhlVHjdMLZ1_B3-D9HLVWdRlPdR94elUJmecYpbAO44/edit?usp=sharing 

19.2 assignment 

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MDmVm8bDPKIFC5ajIS84PvwXS-mrHkbsqsFZcNMBcBI/edit